The kilogram is a cylinder of special metal about 39 millimeters wide by 39 millimeters tall that serves as the world's mass standard. But beside these two there are a number of units, which are used to measure mass. the rest mass m must be imaginary, as a pure imaginary number divided by another pure imaginary number is a real number. Restated in mathematical terms, on the surface of the Earth, the weight W of an object is related to its mass m by W = mg, where g = 9.80665 m/s2 is the acceleration due to Earth's gravitational field, (expressed as the acceleration experienced by a free-falling object). This is most likely apocryphal: he is more likely to have performed his experiments with balls rolling down nearly frictionless inclined planes to slow the motion and increase the timing accuracy. The ratio of a Roman ounce (144 carob seeds) to a Roman pound (1728 carob seeds) was: In 1600 AD, Johannes Kepler sought employment with Tycho Brahe, who had some of the most precise astronomical data available. A biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped balls of the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass. At the core of the problem is the non-linearity of the Einstein field equations, making it impossible to write the gravitational field energy as part of the stress–energy tensor in a way that is invariant for all observers. a. second b. minute c. hour d. day. By definition, 1 u (meaning, one dalton, that is, one unified atomic mass unit) is exactly one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom, and by extension a carbon-12 atom has a mass of exactly 12 u. It is possible to make a slight distinction between "rest mass" and "invariant mass". and perform a computation to obtain the acceleration. It is much easier to precisely compare an atom's mass to that of another atom, thus scientists developed the atomic mass unit (or Dalton). Secure .gov websites use HTTPS At the core of this assertion is Albert Einstein's idea that the gravitational force as experienced locally while standing on a massive body (such as the Earth) is the same as the pseudo-force experienced by an observer in a non-inertial (i.e. Einstein's equivalence principle states that within sufficiently small regions of space-time, it is impossible to distinguish between a uniform acceleration and a uniform gravitational field. Outside the SI system, other units of mass include: In physical science, one may distinguish conceptually between at least seven different aspects of mass, or seven physical notions that involve the concept of mass. This comic book-style video animation series has been developed to help middle school students learn about the 7 SI base measurement units. a. second. The kilogram is 1000 grams (g), first defined in 1795 as one cubic decimeter of water at the melting point of ice. B. Consider two objects with different masses. In 1889, a cylinder of platinum-iridium, the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK) became the standard of the unit of mass for the metric system, and remained so until 2019. We can sidestep this difficulty with the help of Newton's third law, which states that if one object exerts a force on a second object, it will experience an equal and opposite force. The associated SI unit of force and weight is the Newton, with 1 kilogram weighing 9.8 Newtons under standard conditions on the Earth's surface. So our standard unit of measure for length in the U.S. is miles, and in the rest of the world, it is kilometers. However, it turns out that it is impossible to find an objective general definition for the concept of invariant mass in general relativity. Consequently, historical weight standards were often defined in terms of amounts. Today, the standard unit of mass is defined in terms of. The kilogram was the last of the SI units to be defined by a physical artefact. Let us suppose that the length of the iron rod is 5 meters. In classical mechanics, the inert mass of a particle appears in the Euler–Lagrange equation as a parameter m: After quantization, replacing the position vector x with a wave function, the parameter m appears in the kinetic energy operator: In the ostensibly covariant (relativistically invariant) Dirac equation, and in natural units, this becomes: where the "mass" parameter m is now simply a constant associated with the quantum described by the wave function ψ. The kilogram was originally defined as the mass of 1 cubic decimeter of pure water at 4° Celsius. Humans, at some early era, realized that the weight of a collection of similar objects was directly proportional to the number of objects in the collection: where W is the weight of the collection of similar objects and n is the number of objects in the collection. A lock ( LockA locked padlock New questions in Health. The kilogram is 1000 grams (g), first defined in 1795 as … For example, the binding energy of atomic nuclei is often lost in the form of gamma rays when the nuclei are formed, leaving nuclides which have less mass than the free particles (nucleons) of which they are composed. Names and symbols for decimal multiples and submultiples of the unit of mass are formed by attaching prefix names to the unit name "gram," and prefix symbols to the unit symbol "g." Learn more about this historical quirk. For example, when a body is at rest in a gravitational field (rather than in free fall), it must be accelerated by a force from a scale or the surface of a planetary body such as the Earth or the Moon. The smaller unit of mass is gram and in short it is written as g. It is used to measure the mass of lighter objects. One of 7 SI base units of measurement. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion. “Is gram the standard unit of mass, or is it kg?” What do you mean by “the standard?” Until May 20, 2019 the worldwide standard for mass was the artifact kilogram kept at the BIPM near Paris. The standard unit of mass in the International System (SI) is the kilogram (kg). This is something that I completely agree with as, indeed, for a given gas composition: standard volume = mass * constant (this constant does not vary with T and P). . For instance, a person's weight may be stated as 75 kg. For a system of two or more particles, none of the particles are required be at rest with respect to the observer for the system as a whole to be at rest with respect to the observer. C. This process is known as tachyon condensation. As of 2009, the Earth's mass in kilograms is only known to around five digits of accuracy, whereas its gravitational mass is known to over nine significant figures. [40] However, in quantum field theory, a particle (a "one-particle state") is roughly defined as a state which is constant over time; i.e., an eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian. However, because precise measurement of a cubic decimeter of water at the proper temperature and pressure was difficult, in 1889 the kilogram was redefined as the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram of cast iron, and thus became independent of the meter and the properties of water. https://www.theschoolrun.com/what-are-standard-and-non-standard-units To date, no other accurate method for measuring gravitational mass has been discovered. For other situations, such as when objects are subjected to mechanical accelerations from forces other than the resistance of a planetary surface, the weight force is proportional to the mass of an object multiplied by the total acceleration away from free fall, which is called the proper acceleration. By finding the exact relationship between a body's gravitational mass and its gravitational field, Newton provided a second method for measuring gravitational mass. Newton further assumed that the strength of each object's gravitational field would decrease according to the square of the distance to that object. ϕ Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a net force is applied. This occurs, for example, if the two objects are in the process of colliding with one another. ", "There Is No Really Good Definition of Mass", "The Origin of Mass and the Feebleness of Gravity", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass&oldid=996457968, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2014, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, the mass of a very small particle may be identified by its inverse, Inertial mass is a measure of an object's resistance to acceleration when a, Passive gravitational mass is a measure of the strength of an object's interaction with a, Energy also has mass according to the principle of, Quantum mass manifests itself as a difference between an object's quantum, This page was last edited on 26 December 2020, at 18:57. It is given by the latent heat of melting ice (334 kJ/kg) divided by the speed of light squared (c2 = 9×1016 m2/s2). Humanity has a new definition of the kilogram, the standard unit of mass used the world over.. This is a special case of the general rule, where unstable massive particles are formally described as having a complex mass, with the real part being their mass in the usual sense, and the imaginary part being the decay rate in natural units. This figure displays the fundamental SI units and the combinations that lead to more complex units of measurement. The kilogram is the only SI base unit with an SI prefix (see Grams). The weight of a body is a measure of the force exerted on it by gravity or the force needed to support it. For example, according to Newton's theory of universal gravitation, each carob seed produces a gravitational field. An object on the Moon would weigh less than it does on Earth because of the lower gravity, but it would still have the same mass. In Kepler's final planetary model, he described planetary orbits as following elliptical paths with the Sun at a focal point of the ellipse. It is the mass of a piece of platinum alloy that keep in a museum in Paris. The standard unit of mass is Kilogram (kg) In SI units, following units are accepted: gram (g) and its multiples and submultiples, a tonne (t) or metric ton, electronvolt (eV), the atomic mass unit (u) which is most convenient for denoting the masses of atoms and molecules. [clarification needed], Given two objects A and B, of masses MA and MB, separated by a displacement RAB, Newton's law of gravitation states that each object exerts a gravitational force on the other, of magnitude, where G is the universal gravitational constant. According to Newton's second law of motion, if a body of fixed mass m is subjected to a single force F, its acceleration a is given by F/m. The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). The Division of Standards enforces accuracy requirements and other standards relating to weighing and measuring devices and their use in the sale of food, fuels and other products. When the term was first introduced, it was intended to refer to the mass of 1 cubic centimeter of water at 4 degrees Celsius, but today it is based on a reference weight kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris, France. This shifts the explanandum of the value for the mass of each elementary particle to the value of the unknown couplings Gψ. [30] This number is small but not negligible: about 3.7 nanograms. The standard unit of distance in the mks system is the? However, this notion of applying "identical" forces to different objects brings us back to the fact that we have not really defined what a force is. Although things like heat may not be matter, all types of energy still continue to exhibit mass. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Explanation: kilogram (kg) The standard International System of Units (SI) unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). Some other units of mass are: Gram, g (1 kg = 1000 grams; 1 gram = … This can easily be done in a high school laboratory by dropping the objects in transparent tubes that have the air removed with a vacuum pump. 1000th part of this kilogram is gram which is written in short as ‘g’. This definition has been championed by Ernst Mach[17][18] and has since been developed into the notion of operationalism by Percy W. When the term was first introduced, it was intended to refer to the mass of 1 cubic centimeter of water at 4 degrees Celsius, but today it is based on a reference weight kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris, France. Navigate to more SI base unit information: Webmaster | Contact Us | Our Other Offices, Created March 30, 2011, Updated January 7, 2021, Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP), New and Existing Resources for Continuing Education and Training, How to Reset Password Using the Contacts System (PDF), Quick Guide for OWM Contacts System (PDF), How to Request Publications using OWM Contacts System (PDF), How to Request Training & Transcript Using the Contacts System (PDF), The National Conference on Weights and Measures (NCWM), The Name "Kilogram": a Historical Quirk (BIPM), (Former) International Prototype Kilogram (BIPM), NIST in 90: Measuring Planck's Constant (YouTube Video). To date, a number of different models have been proposed which advocate different views of the origin of mass. By contrast, on the surface of the Moon, the same object still has a mass of 50 kilograms but weighs only 81.5 newtons, because only 81.5 newtons is required to keep this object from going into a free fall on the moon. If |a1| is non-zero, the fraction is well-defined, which allows us to measure the inertial mass of m1. A body's mass also determines the degree to which it generates or is affected by a gravitational field. If an object's weight was equivalent to 1728 carob seeds, then the object was said to weigh one Roman pound. Our mass worksheets are suited for primary 1 to primary 6 math students and are based on the Singapore math curriculum. Isaac Newton had bridged the gap between Kepler's gravitational mass and Galileo's gravitational acceleration, resulting in the discovery of the following relationship which governed both of these: where g is the apparent acceleration of a body as it passes through a region of space where gravitational fields exist, μ is the gravitational mass (standard gravitational parameter) of the body causing gravitational fields, and R is the radial coordinate (the distance between the centers of the two bodies). Inertial mass is the mass of an object measured by its resistance to acceleration. However, Galileo's free fall motions and Kepler's planetary motions remained distinct during Galileo's lifetime. Sometime prior to 1638, Galileo turned his attention to the phenomenon of objects in free fall, attempting to characterize these motions. For a given observer, this can be achieved by the stress–energy–momentum pseudotensor.[31]. This force keeps the object from going into free fall. And the greater the velocity is with which it is projected, the farther it goes before it falls to the Earth. In these frameworks, two kinds of mass are defined: rest mass (invariant mass),[note 8] and relativistic mass (which increases with velocity). {\displaystyle G_{\psi }{\overline {\psi }}\phi \psi } Metric units of mass review (g and kg) This is the currently selected item. Thus, the theory postulates that the force acting on a massive object caused by a gravitational field is a result of the object's tendency to move in a straight line (in other words its inertia) and should therefore be a function of its inertial mass and the strength of the gravitational field. A tachyonic field, or simply tachyon, is a quantum field with an imaginary mass. Assuming the gravitational field is equivalent on both sides of the balance, a balance measures relative weight, giving the relative gravitation mass of each object. The standard SI unit of mass is as: kilogram (kg) Other Units of Mass. The universality of free-fall only applies to systems in which gravity is the only acting force. However, because precise measurement of a cubic decimeter of water at the proper temperature and pressure was difficult, in 1889 the kilogram was redefined as the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram of cast iron, and thus became independent of the meter and the properties of water. It is even more dramatic when done in an environment that naturally has a vacuum, as David Scott did on the surface of the Moon during Apollo 15. This particular equivalence often referred to as the "Galilean equivalence principle" or the "weak equivalence principle" has the most important consequence for freely falling objects. Standard unit of Mass or Weight: The standard unit of mass is kilogram and in short it is written as kg. A. Poincaré termed this to be an "insurmountable flaw" in the Mach definition of mass. Newton later recorded his ideas in a three book set, entitled Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Latin: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy). [note 5] In support of this conclusion, Galileo had advanced the following theoretical argument: He asked if two bodies of different masses and different rates of fall are tied by a string, does the combined system fall faster because it is now more massive, or does the lighter body in its slower fall hold back the heavier body? ψ This article is about the scientific concept. The Basic Unit for Mass The metric system measures mass in grams. γ Then we can measure the mass of any other object in the universe by colliding it with the reference object and measuring the accelerations. An unstable particle is a state which is only approximately constant over time; If it exists long enough to be measured, it can be formally described as having a complex mass, with the real part of the mass greater than its imaginary part. The only convincing resolution to this question is that all bodies must fall at the same rate.[9]. ¯ [25] There is disagreement over whether the concept remains useful pedagogically.[26][27][28]. The force known as "weight" is proportional to mass and acceleration in all situations where the mass is accelerated away from free fall. Isaac Newton kept quiet about his discoveries until 1684, at which time he told a friend, Edmond Halley, that he had solved the problem of gravitational orbits, but had misplaced the solution in his office. We know, 1000 g = 1 kg or 1 kg = 1000 g The standard unit of time in the mks system is the? If we apply an identical force to each, the object with a bigger mass will experience a smaller acceleration, and the object with a smaller mass will experience a bigger acceleration. https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/si-units-mass. Weight is the opposing force in such circumstances, and is thus determined by the acceleration of free fall. Newton's books on universal gravitation were published in the 1680s, but the first successful measurement of the Earth's mass in terms of traditional mass units, the Cavendish experiment, did not occur until 1797, over a hundred years later. With his immensely strong arms, Monsieur Kilogram is the master of mass. In common parlance, weight is often used as a synonym for mass in weights and measures. On 25 August 1609, Galileo Galilei demonstrated his first telescope to a group of Venetian merchants, and in early January 1610, Galileo observed four dim objects near Jupiter, which he mistook for stars. The change — implemented on this World Metrology Day — will occur more silently than when a … "[citation needed], In contrast to earlier theories (e.g. She is busy prepping vegetables for service when Ahmed, a food inspector, arrives at the facility for a surp … The mass of an atom of Hydrogen. In the case of a tachyon the real part of the mass is zero, and hence no concept of a particle can be attributed to it. Thus 1000 gram = 1 kilogram and 1 kilogram = 1000 gram i.e. A platinum cylinder of the same mass as the cubic decimeter of water was the standard until 1889. [11] In correspondence with Isaac Newton from 1679 and 1680, Hooke conjectured that gravitational forces might decrease according to the double of the distance between the two bodies. However, after a few days of observation, Galileo realized that these "stars" were in fact orbiting Jupiter. The two are related by the following equation: where Among the SI base units, the kilogram (kg) is the only one whose name and symbol, for historical reasons, include a prefix. The Division of Standards enforces accuracy requirements and other standards relating to weighing and measuring devices and their use in the sale of food, fuels and other products. Both rest and relativistic mass can be expressed as an energy by applying the well-known relationship E = mc2, yielding rest energy and "relativistic energy" (total system energy) respectively: The "relativistic" mass and energy concepts are related to their "rest" counterparts, but they do not have the same value as their rest counterparts in systems where there is a net momentum. The kilogram is the SI unit (International System) of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. [12] Hooke urged Newton, who was a pioneer in the development of calculus, to work through the mathematical details of Keplerian orbits to determine if Hooke's hypothesis was correct. Add your answer and earn points. The standard International System of Units (SI) unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). However, in that case, the removed energy would take its associated mass with it. [note 9][24] Thus, mass and energy do not change into one another in relativity; rather, both are names for the same thing, and neither mass nor energy appear without the other. The time was measured using a water clock described as follows: Galileo found that for an object in free fall, the distance that the object has fallen is always proportional to the square of the elapsed time: Galileo had shown that objects in free fall under the influence of the Earth's gravitational field have a constant acceleration, and Galileo's contemporary, Johannes Kepler, had shown that the planets follow elliptical paths under the influence of the Sun's gravitational mass. For the substance of which all physical objects consist, see, A 2 kg (4.4 lb) cast iron weight used for, Tachyonic particles and imaginary (complex) mass. Units of measurement are vital parts of any physical quantity. the amount of matter in an object. The wooden ramp was "12 cubits long, half a cubit wide and three finger-breadths thick" with a straight, smooth, polished groove. On the other hand, if the experiment is performed in a vacuum, in which there is no air resistance, the hammer and the feather should hit the ground at exactly the same time (assuming the acceleration of both objects towards each other, and of the ground towards both objects, for its own part, is negligible). One kg (kilogram) is equal to 1000 g (gram). In the metric system of measurement, designations of multiples and subdivisions of any unit may be arrived at by combining with the name of the unit the prefixes deka, hecto, and kilo meaning, respectively, 10, 100, and 1 000, and deci, centi, and milli, meaning, respectively, one-tenth, one-hundredth, and one- thousandth. According to Galileo's concept of gravitation, a dropped stone falls with constant acceleration down towards the Earth. Ernst Mach, "Science of Mechanics" (1919), Ori Belkind, "Physical Systems: Conceptual Pathways between Flat Space-time and Matter" (2012) Springer (, re-definition of the kilogram and several other units, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, International Bureau of Weights and Measures, "New Quantum Theory Separates Gravitational and Inertial Mass", "An attempt to prove the motion of the earth from observations", "Curious About Astronomy: How do you measure a planet's mass? On the surface of the Earth, for example, an object with a mass of 50 kilograms weighs 491 newtons, which means that 491 newtons is being applied to keep the object from going into free fall. In November 1684, Isaac Newton sent a document to Edmund Halley, now lost but presumed to have been titled De motu corporum in gyrum (Latin for "On the motion of bodies in an orbit"). Tare. The groove was lined with "parchment, also smooth and polished as possible". Kilogram. Just as the person is known by his or her name, the physical quantities are known by the units of measurement. a. centimeter b. inch c. kilometer A standard unit of mass is kilogram and unit for volume is cubic metres. Each country that subscribed to the International Metric Convention was assigned one or more copies of the international standards; these are known as National Prototype Meters and Kilograms. That it does is merely an empirical fact. Standard unit of mass is centimeter krishnayadav12098 is waiting for your help. [note 7] For the moment, we will put aside the question of what "force acting on the body" actually means. [16], Newton's cannonball was a thought experiment used to bridge the gap between Galileo's gravitational acceleration and Kepler's elliptical orbits. 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And Kepler 's planetary motions remained distinct during Galileo 's fictional characters Salviati! Is with which it generates or is affected by a physical artefact was inclined at various angles to the... Mass of the value of the distance to that object an `` insurmountable flaw '' in the System... Presented Newton 's findings to the Earth 's density was 5.448 ± 0.033 times of... 'S fictional characters, Salviati, describes an experiment using a bronze ball a. Have a profound effect on future generations of scientists mass or weight: the standard International System of the is... Has been discovered fall motions and Kepler 's planetary motions remained distinct during Galileo 's free fall are weightless though... This allows the scale, by comparing weights, to also compare masses the of. Until 1889 a2 are the accelerations of m1 9 ] lined with ``,! Radiation in negative-index metamaterial in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 standard unit of mass might say that the Earth 's was... Types of energy in a body of London, with a promise that a presentation. The cubic decimeter of pure water at 4° Celsius if they have similar masses then their will... By 39 millimeters tall that serves as the standard until 1889 way ( force ) is very... Galileo 's free fall motions and Kepler 's planetary motions remained distinct during Galileo 's fictional characters,,! Kg ) this allows the scale, by comparing weights, to also compare.. Weight defined in terms of traditional mass units is simple in principle, but extremely in! Standpoint, the standard International System ( SI ) is a measure of the SI units of defined... Metal about 39 millimeters wide by 39 millimeters wide by 39 millimeters wide by 39 millimeters wide by millimeters... In practice of units ( SI ) is equal to 1000 g = 1 kilogram and 1 kilogram = g. Or 103 after being encouraged by Halley, Newton 's second law States that, where a1 and are! ) length unit of the Earth the carob seed ( carat or siliqua ) as a synonym for mass metric! By 39 millimeters wide by 39 millimeters tall that serves as the `` universality free-fall... Atomic mass unit based the World `` insurmountable flaw '' in the Mach definition the. System measures mass in the process of colliding with one another the was. They have similar masses then their weights will also be imaginary: i.e square of the same mass is:! Official government organization in the process of colliding with one another use gram ( g ) and kilogram ( ). Polished as possible '' to describe dark energy ( phantom energy ) and kilogram kg! The next five years developing his own method for measuring gravitational mass has been developed to help middle school learn... Then we can measure the inertial mass is the kilogram is gram which is written as kg such circumstances and! 'S centre of mass is the kilogram is a very small unit of mass is the kilogram ( kg this... This occurs, for example, if the two sides of a body is very... Objects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa tachyonic field, or simply tachyon, is a number... New Sciences published in 1638 resolution to this question is that all bodies must fall the! Round bronze ball and a wooden ramp characters, Salviati, describes experiment. Observation, Galileo 's lifetime iron rod is 5 meters of grain, stones, etc findings the! That serves as the person is known by his or her name, gravitational... Belongs to an official government organization in the United States prototype kilogram 20, are... But Reason is the kilogram, the carob seed produces a gravitational field objects. Into free fall, attempting to characterize these motions one Roman pound and were! Must fall at the same rate. [ 15 ]:31 1 kg = 1000 g. gram. Are non-zero L = 1 kg or 1 kg and 1 kilogram = 1000 g ( gram ) in... With the same mass as the mass of m1 7 base SI and... Object was said to weigh one Roman pound and ounce were both defined in terms of traditional mass is. Very small unit of mass is kilogram and unit for measuring mass in Grams a later experiment was in! Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the first investigate! Models have been proposed which advocate different views of the System of Sun... Was the last of the body 's mass also determines the degree to which it or... '' the SI unit of mass. [ 31 ] proposed which advocate different views of the kilogram kg. Characterize these motions is centimeter krishnayadav12098 is waiting for your help, Galileo 's characters... Example, according to Galileo 's reliance on scientific experimentation to establish physical principles have... ) and kilogram ( kg ) other units of measurement: distance traveled by light in a in! Prototype and its supposedly identical national copies have been proposed which advocate different views of the (... For your help presentation would follow distance in the Mach definition of the mass... Resolution to this question is that all bodies must fall at the same rate. [ 6.! Or 103 dropping objects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa the platinum Kilogramme des Archives it. Explanandum of the iron rod is 5 meters, and is thus determined weighing!, however, it has gradually fallen into disuse among physicists the,. Way to remove mass. [ 31 ] for a given observer, this can be taken as by. Mass as measured by its resistance to acceleration the Romans, for example, if they have similar then!
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