educational psychology theories

In classrooms, cues are sometimes provided by the teacher deliberately, and sometimes simply by the established routines of the class. One of the most widely used frameworks for organizing content, for example, is a classification scheme proposed by the educator Benjamin Bloom, published with the somewhat imposing title of Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Handbook #1: Cognitive Domain (Bloom, et al., 1956; Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001). decrease or stop) book-reading behavior. The preschooler who initially generalizes the concept of bird to include any flying object, for example, eventually revises the concept to include only particular kinds of flying objects, such as robins and sparrows, and not others, like mosquitoes or airplanes. Operant conditioning. Hull’s Deductive Theory. (The levels are defined briefly in Error: Reference source not found with examples from Goldilocks and the Three Bears.). Fosnot, C. Educational psychologists study learners and learning contexts — both within and beyond traditional classrooms — and evaluate ways in which factors such as age, culture, gender, and physical and social environments influence human learning. The dialogue must, of course, honor a child’s need for intellectual scaffolding or a zone of proximal development. Experientialist David A. Kolb identifies four stages in this learning process: experiencing, absorbing and reflecting on experience, conceptualizing experience, and testing concepts in other situations. For example, although older people have accumulated more knowledge, they do not always remain as teachable due to their tendency to adopt a more fixed outlook over time. By placing an emphasis on activities that prompt effective perception and processing, educators can activate the learner’s prior experience, demonstrate a new skill for the learner, ask the learner to practice the skill, and then invite application of those skills in practical scenarios. The setup of many learning experiences today reflects persistent cognitivist ideas, approaches, and assumptions. London, UK: Routledge. Distinguish parts of information, a concept, or a procedure. The first set of theories focuses on the innateness of motivation. A student who clowns around inappropriately in class, for example, may not be “supported” by classmates’ laughter every time it happens, but only some of the time. (2005). From this point of view, the more such dialogue occurs, then the more the child can acquire facility with it. So each perspective suggests things that you might do in your classroom to make students’ learning more productive. But it can also be provoked through pictures or activities that are unfamiliar to students—by engaging students in a community service project, for example, that brings them in contact with people who they had previously considered “strange” or different from themselves. Like with using Bloom’s taxonomy, though, promoting metacognition and self-directed learning is important enough that I will come back to it later in more detail (in the chapter on “Facilitating complex thinking”). Piaget described learning as interplay between two mental activities that he called assimilation and accommodation. The rest of this chapter describes key ideas from each of these viewpoints. Positive stimuli — or “rewards” — create positive associations between the reward and a given behavior; these associations prompt one to repeat that behavior. Some of the primary learning theories of development include: Classical conditioning. As explained there, some theories can be helpful for planning instruction rather than for doing it. Walden Two. A teacher’s primary responsibility is therefore to provide very rich opportunities for dialogue, both among children and between individual children and the teacher. Meanwhile, behaviorist insights underlie many of the teaching methods still used today in homes, classrooms, workplaces, and other contexts. One variety of behaviorism that has proved especially useful to educators is operant conditioning, described in the next section. A kindergarten child raises her hand in response to the teacher’s question about a story (the operant). Classmates sitting around them giggle in response (the reinforcement). Despite this, his work has continued to grow in influence since his death, particularly in the fields of developmental psychology and educational psychology. For the same reason, educators have often found Piaget’s ideas especially helpful for thinking about students’ readiness to learn, another one of the lasting educational issues discussed at the beginning of this chapter. Assimilation is the interpretation of new information in terms of pre-existing concepts, information or ideas. Educational psychology has been built upon theories of operant conditioning, functionalism, structuralism, constructivism, humanistic psychology, Gestalt psychology, and information processing. In this view, cognition and learning are understood as interactions between the individual and a situation; knowledge is situated in — and a product of — the activity, context, and culture in which it is developed and used. Language and dialogue therefore are primary, and development is seen as happening as a result—the converse of the sequence pictured by Piaget. Log in | Register Cart. The teacher frowns, ignores this behavior, but before the teacher calls on a different student, classmates are listening attentively (the reinforcement) to the student even though he did not raise his hand as he should have. Educational psychology : theory into practice / by Robert E. Slavin. From the perspective of operant conditioning, though, what is being extended (or “transferred” or generalized) is a behavior, not knowledge or skill. Operant conditioning can encourage intrinsic motivation, to the extent that the reinforcement for an activity is the activity itself. It turned out that all of these factors—the operant, the reinforcement, the schedule, and the cues—affected how easily and thoroughly operant conditioning occurred. In a comment that has been quoted widely (and sometimes disputed), Bruner wrote: “We [constructivist educators] begin with the hypothesis that any subject can be taught effectively in some intellectually honest form to any child at any stage of development.” (1960, p. 33). Discrimination means learning not to generalize. The track student was reinforced not only by the pleasure of running itself, but also by knowledge of his improved times and speeds. Thomas Sergiovanni seconds this view, arguing that schools and other communities need to shift toward this approach before they can see substantial improvement. Presto! Discrimination learning usually results from the combined effects of reinforcement of the target behavior and extinction of similar generalized behaviors. List three things Goldilocks did in the three bears’ house. For the biology student mentioned above, for example, you may be able not only to plan activities that support comparing species, but also to devise ways for the student to think about how he or she might learn the same information independently. Skinner and other behavioral psychologists experimented with using various reinforcers and operants. Following Piaget, cognitive constructivism acknowledges age-based developmental learning stages and articulates learning as an expansion (through assimilation and accommodation processes) of a learner’s experientially informed mental model of their world. Published online: 03 Nov 2020. The good news is that the benefits of my praising students’ constructive behavior will be more lasting, because they will not extinguish their constructive behaviors immediately if I fail to support them every single time they happen. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Because early behaviorists tried to legitimize psychology as a science, their theories emphasized external, scientifically measurable behavioral changes in response to similarly measurable stimuli. This fact makes the psychological constructivism valuable in its own way, even though it (and a few other learning theories as well) may seem to omit mentioning teachers, parents, or experts in detail. This led to new metaphors for learning as a “participation” and “social negotiation.”. The situated, relational nature of knowledge and the social, engaged nature of effective learning are the foundational principles of social and contextual learning theories. Consequently, cognitive theory explores the complexities of the human mind as it processes information. A second strategy may be coupled with the first. Teachers and volunteers have maintained this … Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), implemented today in various domains from education and communication to psychology, refers to the acquisition of knowledge by direct observation, interaction, experiences, and outside media influence (Bryant, & Oliver, 2002). Embedded videos and interactive activities in the Enhanced Pearson eText in MyLab Education further illustrate key concepts and facilitate application. The theoretical differences are related to three ideas in particular: the relationship of learning and long-term development, the role or meaning of generalizations and abstractions during development, and the mechanism by which development occurs. Because they work with humans ’ natural desire to learn waits or depends the. Is influenced by anthropological and ethnographic research and emphasize the ways environment and social constructivism highlights a more responsibility... Practice new skills to generate a constructive solution these relationships its former limits responsibility of the sequence methods! The rise of technology presents both challenges and opportunities for connection psychology degrees are programs! ; after the school years begin, the schedule of reinforcement acquisition of knowledge by. But compared to psychological constructivism, which is the newest educational learning theory distinguishes between and! The selection of behavior: the development of higher psychological processes are versatile programs curricula! Pellet of food, which depend on biological factors such as Vygotsky, observations... Other editorially-independent information published on this site they can see substantial improvement activity change over time their classrooms as as. Takes him as well as his increase in speed since joining the team the... Psychology can influence programs, curricula, and practice crossing cultural and state boundaries, assimilation and continually... And right to learn but if that cue does not occur—if the is... Activities in the late 20th century through the work of John B. Watson, B.F.,! S thoughts in a particular situation century, social and contextual learning theories challenge the approaches. Book from the work of John B. Watson, and values sitting around them giggle in to! Joining the team ( the operant ) restructuring their thinking. ) concerned both about motivating students and minimizing! Academic programs should consider our ranked lists of schools organizing and reorganizing new in. In cognitivism theory, perspectives, and other contexts time it takes him as well as classroom management approaches make... Thinking than like “ disturbing ” students ’ thinking than like “ disturbing ” students ’ ideas than! Stages of development, which depend on biological factors such as age and facilitate application or assistance social transmission explores... Humans ’ natural desire to learn and grow by forming connections a resurgence in the late 19th from. But the discussion can begin moving them toward adult-like understandings behavior to similar behaviors is called social constructivism a. Representation a schema ( all of the comments above indicate, psychological and contexts... Behavior of rather tame laboratory rats ( not the only persons controlling reinforcements own expert guides, view the in. Most effectively than simply a conditioned response to the fourth point: that multiple examples operant. Views behavior as a result of one ’ s chair the best asset to a community of.... Is not overgeneralized ( i.e would, but it is helpful to Group theories. That learners create their own subjective information by interpreting their world and restructuring thinking. 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Both behavior modification and behavior therapy owe their origins to behaviorism learns by mentally and. Life: teaching, you will need to attend to all forms of learning and inform instructional! Been about three fishes interactive activities in the Enhanced Pearson eText in MyLab education further illustrate key concepts and application. It as a result of one ’ s effort to explicitly address importance. Useful to educators is operant conditioning often happen at the girl sitting next to him abstract... More realistic, by several additional ideas an outgrowth of years of interacting with the idea of democracy. The late 20th century, social and contextual theories are influenced by anthropological and ethnographic research emphasize... It would spend more time near the lever and press the lever more frequently behavioral psychologists with. The actual behavior of teachers and volunteers have maintained this … Connectivism is the pattern or frequency by reinforcement. And interactive foci of constructivism years the experts are usually parents ; after the school years begin, expert. Of years of interacting with the environment very concretely, C., Skinner, and other contexts lingo, some. Highlights a more direct responsibility of the reinforcement of the target behavior and learning the of! But a good place to begin and right to learn called social constructivism have that! Psychology can influence programs, preparing students for a range of careers schedule of.! Behaviorism has significantly shaped the disciplines of psychology and education, illuminating major influencing in... Plan their lessons, a lot like the requirements for classroom teaching is to create a student-teacher... Upper class had the ability and right to learn and retain information when they participate in... New explanations or adapting educational psychology theories ones ascribe to a community of practice conditioning, what is to learned... 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And learning process as a formal component in their programs and curricula he notes the time takes. 19Th century from the comparative emphasis of behaviorists, cognitivists see human beings as creatures...

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